Definitions
Get to know all the most important financial concepts and terms with our beginner-friendly definitions. From 10K to Z-Cash, find everything you need to know right here.
By:
Updated:
Ad disclosure
Invezz is an independent platform with the goal of helping users achieve financial freedom. In order to fund our work, we partner with advertisers who compensate us for users that Invezz refers to their services. While our reviews and assessments of each product on the site are independent and unbiased, brands may pay to appear higher up our table rankings or place ads in specific areas of the site. The order in which products and services appear on Invezz does not represent an endorsement from us, and please be aware that there may be other platforms available to you than the products and services that appear on our website. Read more about how we make money >
Learn about the markets through our simple definitions of every term in the financial dictionary. Use the links below to read through them, or put your new knowledge to the test on the rest of the website, where you can learn how to make your first investment.
Definitions
'A' ordinary shares'Cum' dividend and 'ex' dividend1% Risk Rule100 per cent gold backing2010 Flash Crash2015 Flash Crash401(K)52-Week RangeA prioria.aA1AAAAbacusAbandonementAbatementAbatement costAbility to payAble-bodied seamanAbnormal obsolescenceAbove par
Above the lineAbsolute advantageAbsolute Breadth Index - ABIAbsorptionAbstinenceAbuse of dominant positionAccelerated bookbuildAccelerated depreciationAcceleration principleAccelerator coefficientAccelerator-multiplier modelAcceptanceAcceptance regionAcceptance supra protestAcceptilationAccepting houseAccepting house or Acceptance houseAccepting Houses CommitteeAcceptorAccession criteriaAccommodation billAccommodatory monetary policyAccord and satisfactionAccountAccount daysAccount executiveAccount payeeAccount statedAccount, creditAccount, salesAccount, tradingAccount(s)AccountantAccounting for inflationAccounting periodAccounting principlesAccounting profitAccounting ratiosAccounting recordsAccounting standardsAccounting systemAccounts payableAccounts payable days formulaAccounts payable turover ratioAccounts receivable collection periodAccounts receivable turover ratioAccounts, nominal, real and personalAccounts, receivableAccredited InvestorAccrual rateAccrued chargesAccrued expensesAccrued interestAccumulated depreciationAccumulating ordinary sharesAccumulation/Distribution LineAcquisition (company)Acquisitions approachAcreAct of GodActionnairesActive and Most Active StocksActive InvestingActive labour market policiesActive stockActively Managed ETFActual total lossActuarial assumptionActuaryAd referendumAd valoremAdaptationAdaptive expectationsAdded valueAddress commissionAdjudicationAdjustable long-term putable securityAdjusted Closing PriceAdjusted R-squaredAdjustmentAdjustment costsAdjustment programmeAdministered pricesAdministrationAdministration expensesAdministration, letters ofAdmiralty measured mileAdoptionAdvance corporation tax (A.C.T.)Advance freightAdvanced countriesAdvanced notesAdverse balanceAdverse selectionAdverse supply shockAdvice noteAffidavitAffirmation of contractAffreightment, contracts ofAfrican Development BankAfter sightAfter-sales serviceAfter-tax incomeAGAgainst all risksAge-dependency ratioAge-earnings profileAge, misrepresentation of by infantsAgency billsAgency of necessityAgency problemAgency theoryAgency, creation ofAgency, determination ofAgency, fiduciary nature ofAgency: un-named principalAgency: undisclosed principalAgendaAgentAgent de changeAgent-based modellingAgent, generalAgent, specialAgent, universalAgent: duties to principalAgent: misrepresentationAgent's lienAgent's tortsAgglomeration economiesAggregate dataAggregate demandAggregate demand scheduleAggregate savingAggregate supplyAggregationAgricultural Credit Corporation Ltd (A.C.C.) - UKAgricultural Mortgage Corporation LtdAir freightAir transport licensingAir transport, insuranceAir transport, load factorAir waybillAirworthinessAliens, contracts withAllais paradoxAllocaturAllongeAllotment letterAllotment noteAllotment of sharesAllowance, personalAlmon distributed lagAlpha stocksAltcoinAlternate directorAlternative accounting rules (UK)AmalgamationAmbiguity ruleAmerican depository receipt (A.D.R.)American Economic Association (AEA)AmortizationAnalysis of varianceAnalystAnchorageAnd reducedAndean PactAnimal spiritsAnnouncement effectAnnual accountsAnnual chargesAnnual general meeting (A.G.M.)Annual reportAnnual report - Finansleksikonet SverigeAnnual returnAnnual valueAnnualized growth rateAnnuitantAnnuityAnnuity due payment - future valueAnnuity due payment - present valueAnnuity factorAnnuity paymentAnnuity payment - future valueAnnuity present value - solve for nAnnuity rateAnomaliesAnte-dateAnti-competitive practiceAnti-dumping actionAnti-dumping dutyAnti-pollution measuresAnti-trust lawsApplication for sharesApplied microeconomicsAppreciationApprenticeAppropriation accountAppropriation billAppropriation of paymentsArbitrageArbitrage pricing theory (APT)ArbitrageurArbitrationArc elasticityArithmetic meanArithmetic progressionArm’s-length priceArrearsArrears of dividendsArrestmentArrived shipArrow-Debreu economyArrow-Debreu state priceArrow’s impossibility theoremArticles of associationArticles of association, alteration ofAs per adviceAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)Asian crisisAsian Development Bank (A.D.B.)AssayAssay masterAssembly lineAssessable profitsAsset motiveAsset pricesAsset strippingAsset valueAsset-backed securityAssetsAssets - Finansleksikonet SverigeAssets turnover ratioAssets, circulatingAssets, liquidAssignmentAssignment of leasesAssignment, equitableAssignment, legalAssisted areas (UK)Associated companyAssociation of British Insurers (ABI)Association of South East Asian Nations (A.S.E.A.N.)AssuranceAsymmetric informationAsymmetric shocksAsymptotic distributionAsymptotic theoryAt and fromAt callAt sightAtkinson indexAtomistic competitionAttachmentAuctionAuctioneerAuditAuditorAuditor, appointment ofAuditor, removal ofAuditor's reportAuditors and third partiesAusterity measuresAustrian schoolAutarchyAuthority to negotiateAuthorized capitalAuthorized depositoryAuto-correlationAutocorrelation coefficientAutocorrelation function (ACF)Automated econometricsAutomationAutonomous consumptionAutonomous investmentAutonomous pension fundsAutoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) modelAutoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA (p,q,d)) modelAutoregressive processAverageAverage adjustorAverage bondAverage clauseAverage collection periodAverage costAverage cost pricingAverage due dateAverage productivityAverage propensity to consume (A.P.C.)Average propensity to save (A.P.S.)Average revenueAverage True Range (ATR)AveragingAverch-Johnson effectAvoidable costsAvoidanceAvoirdupoisAwardAxiomAxioms of preferenceBack doorBack dutyBack freightBack to back creditBacked noteBackward inductionBackward integrationBackward-bending supply curveBackwardationBad bankBad debt provisionBad debtsBad money drives out goodBailmentBalance of paymentsBalance sheetBalance-of-payments crisisBalanced budgetBalanced budget - Finansleksikonet SverigeBalanced budget amendmentBalanced budget multiplierBalanced growthBalanced growth pathBalances with the Bank of EnglandBalancing itemBallastBaltic ExchangeBaltic Free Trade AgreementBaltic International Freight Futures Exchange (BIFFEX)Banco del SurBancorBank - Finansleksikonet SverigeBank accountBank advanceBank billBank chargesBank depositsBank draftBank for International Settlements (BIS)Bank giro (UK)Bank loanBank loans and overdrafts, disclosure ofBank noteBank note - Finansleksikonet SverigeBank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI)Bank of England, functions ofBank overdraftBank rateBank rate - Finansleksikonet SverigeBank reconciliationBank regulationBank runBank savings accountBank statementBank, commercialBank: open credit facilitiesBanker, disclosure of information byBanker's chequeBanker's draftBanker's guaranteeBanker's revocation of authority to pay chequesBankers Automated Credit System (BAGS)Bankers, Institute ofBankingBanking and Currency schoolsBanking systemBankrupt shareholderBankrupt, disabilities ofBankruptcyBankruptcy offencesBankruptcy petitionBankruptcy, act ofBankruptcy, disclaimer inBankruptcy: adjudicationBankruptcy: application for dischargeBankruptcy: arrest of debtorBankruptcy: committee of inspectionBankruptcy: composition and arrangementsBankruptcy: creditors' first meetingBankruptcy: debtor's propertyBankruptcy: duties of debtorBankruptcy: effect of dischargeBankruptcy: partnersBankruptcy: payment of dividendsBankruptcy: proof of debtsBankruptcy: provable debtsBankruptcy: public examinationBankruptcy: set-offBankruptcy: statement of affairsBankruptcy: summary administrationBankruptcy: trusteeBankruptcy: unclaimed funds and dividendsBareboat charterBargainBargainingBargaining theory of wagesBargeBarratryBarrelBarriers to entryBarriers to exitBarrister (UK)BarterBarter economyBase dateBase Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)Base periodBase rateBase-weighted indexBasel AgreementBasel IIBaselineBaseline / Baseline management productBasic accounting formulaBasic rateBasing-point pricing systemBasis pointBatch productionBaumors lawBayes theoremBayesian econometricsBayesian inferenceBBBBearBear marketBear market - Finansleksikonet SverigeBear securitiesBear slideBear/ Bull & Bear sertifikaterBearer bondsBefore-tax incomeBehavioural assumptionBehavioural economicsBehavioural theory of the firmBeneficial interestBeneficial ownerBenefit in kindBenefit principleBenefits in kindBenefits systemBeneluxBernoulli's hypothesisBertrand competitionBest-fit lineBeta stocksBetterment levy (UK)Between-groups estimatorBeveridge curveBeveridge report (UK)Bias of an estimatorBid and AskBid-ask spread (bid-offer spread)Big four banksBig Mac indexBig pushBilateral flowBilateral monopolyBilateral tradeBilateralismBillBill - Finansleksikonet SverigeBill brokerBill of exchangeBill of exchange: dishonourBill of exchange: stampingBill of ladingBill of saleBill of sale, absoluteBill of sale, conditionalBill of sightBill of sufferanceBillion (bn, b.)Bills in a setBills payableBills receivableBin cardBiodiversity indexBlack economyBlack marketBlack SwanBlack-Scholes equationBlank billBlank chequeBlank creditBlank transferBlanket policyBlockchainBlocked accountBlue bookBlue chip investmentBlue-chip stockBoard of directorsBoard of Trade (UK)Boarding Preventive OfficerBolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA)Bolton CommitteeBombay Stock Exchange (BSE)Bona fide. 'In good faith'Bona vacantiaBondBond noteBond-rating agencyBond-washingBonded goodsBonded lightermanBonded storesBonded vaultsBonusBonus - Finansleksikonet SverigeBoodleBook valueBook-keepingBooks of accountBoomBootstrapBorda countBorrowingBottleneckBottomBottom lineBottomry bondBounded rationalityBox-Jenkins approachBoycottBP curveBradburysBrady PlanBranch bankingBrand loyaltyBrand recognitionBranded goodsBrassage, mintageBreach of warranty of authorityBreak even anlysisBreak-even chartBreak-up valueBreitung testBretton Woods AgreementBrexitBribeBridgepointBridging loanBRIGSBritish Bankers AssociationBritish Insurance Brokers AssociationBritish Overseas Trade BoardBritish Savings BondsBroad moneyBroken stowageBrokerBroker - Finansleksikonet SverigeBrokerageBrownian motionBrussels Conference (1920)BubbleBubble companyBucket shopBudgetBudget accountBudget constraintBudget controllerBudget lineBudget yearBudgetary controlBuffer stockBuilding and loan associationBuilding societiesBuilt-in obsolescenceBuilt-in stabilizersBulk cargoBullBull marketBullionBullion marketBundesbankBundle of goodsBundlingBunkeringBuoy duesBurdenBureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)Burglary insuranceBusinessBusiness ethicsBusiness Expansion SchemeBusiness finance (UK)Business savingBusiness Statistics Office (B.S.O.) UKBuy-outBuyerBuyer concentrationBuyer’s marketBuyers overBuying inBy-productBygonesCabotageCairns GroupCalendar effectsCalibrationCall moneyCall optionCalled-up capitalCallsCalvo contractCambridge equationCambridge schoolCandlestick chartCannibalizationCantillon, Richard (1680,-1734)CapacityCapacity utilizationCapacity utilization rateCapitalCapital accumulationCapital adequacyCapital allowances (UK)Capital appreciationCapital asset pricing modelCapital budgetingCapital chargesCapital clauseCapital committmentsCapital consumptionCapital deepeningCapital employedCapital expenditureCapital flightCapital formationCapital gainCapital Gains TaxCapital Gains Tax (UK)Capital gearingCapital goodsCapital injectionsCapital intensityCapital issuesCapital Issues Committee (C.I.C.)Capital levyCapital lossCapital marketCapital mobilityCapital profit (UK)Capital ratioCapital re-switchingCapital redemption reserve fundCapital reservesCapital stockCapital stock adjustmentCapital structureCapital theoryCapital transfer tax (UK)Capital transfersCapital wideningCapital-intensiveCapital-labour ratioCapital-output ratioCapital-output ratio, incremental (I.C.O.R.)Capital, cost ofCapital: serious lossCapitalismCapitalizationCapitalized ratiosCapitalized valueCapitulationCaptain's entryCaptain's protestCar hireCar taxCaratCarbon footprintCarbon taxCardinal utilityCareer average schemeCaribbean Common MarketCaribbean Development BankCarry forward lossesCarry tradeCarry-over dayCartelCascade taxCase of needCashCash and carryCash bookCash coverage ratioCash discountCash dispenser (ATM)Cash flowCash limitsCash priceCash ratioCashierCashless economyCasting voteCatastrophic lossCatch-upCategorical variableCausa causansCaveat emptorCaveat subscriptorCecchini ReportCeiling priceCensored sampleCensusCensus of productionCentral American Common MarketCentral bank independenceCentral Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan)Central governmentCentral government borrowing requirement (C.G.B.R.).Central Limit Theorems (CLT)Central Office of Information (UK)Central planningCentral Statistical Office (UK)Central-bankCentre for inter-firm comparisonCertainty equivalentCertificate of damageCertificate of incorporationCertificate of originCertificates of depositCertification of transferCertified Accountants, Chartered Association ofCesser clauseCesser of actionCeteris paribusChain price indexChain storeChairman of a companyChairman's reportChamber of shippingChamber of tradeChambers of CommerceChampertyChancellor of the ExchequerChandlerChaos theoryChapter 11 bankruptcyChapters 12, 13Characteristics theoryChargeCharge accountChargeable gainCharges forwardCharging orderCharter by demiseChartered accountantChartered Accountants Australia and New ZealandChartered agentChartered companyChartered Secretaries, Institute ofChartering, marineChartist (U.S.)ChattelsCheap jackCheap moneyCheck tradingChecking accountChequeCheque cardCheque crossingsCheque, alteration ofCheques: endorsementCheques: protection of bankerCheques: returned to drawerChi-square distributionChicago Board of TradeChicago Board of Trade (CBOT)Chicago BoysChicago Mercantile Exchange (CME)Chicago SchoolChief executiveChild benefitChild Tax CreditChina Development BankChinese Economic ReformChinese wallsChoice of techniqueChoses-in-actionChoses-in-possessionChow testCircuity of actionCircular flow of incomeCirculating capitalCitizen candidateCityCity Code on Take-overs and MergersCity terminal serviceCivil Aviation Authority (C.A.A)ClaimantClassical dichotomyClassical economicsClassical modelClassical schoolClassical unemploymentClassified advertisementClaused billClayton ActClean technologyClear daysClearingClearing - Finansleksikonet SverigeClearing banks (UK)Clearing houseClearing, town and generalClerkClimate changeCliometricsClose companyClosed economyClosed shopClosed-end trust (U.S.)Closed-loop equilibriumClosing priceClubClub of RomeCluster analysisClusteringCME GroupCo-insuranceCoase theoremCoastersCobb-Douglas production functionCobweb theoremCochrane-Orcutt procedureCoefficient of determinationCoefficient of variationCoemptionCohabitationCohort studyCoinCoincidence of wantsCointegrationCold callingCollateralCollateral agreementCollateral securityCollateralized debt obligation (CDO)Collective bargainingCollective choiceCollector of TaxesCollusionColombo PlanCommercial Accountants, Society ofCommercial banksCommercial policyCommercial presenceCommissionCommission agentCommitmentCommittee of inspectionCommittee on Payments and Market infrastructureCommodityCommodity Credit Corporation (CCC)Commodity exchangeCommodity marketCommodity price indexCommon access resourceCommon Agricultural PolicyCommon BudgetCommon carrierCommon external tariffCommon knowledgeCommon lawCommon marketCommon ownershipCommon prices systemCommon property resourceCommon sharesCommon stockCommonwealth Development CorporationCommonwealth preferenceCommunity chargeCommunity indifference curveCommunity Land Act (UK)Companies Acts (U.K.)Companies House UK & Northern IrelandCompanies: index of namesCompanies: purchase of own sharesCompanies: redeemable sharesCompanies: reduction of capitalCompany (UK)Company lawCompany limited by guaranteeCompany limited by sharesCompany reservesCompany sealCompany, borrowing powers ofCompany, exempt privateCompany, formation ofCompany, name ofCompany, objects ofCompany, privateCompany, publicCompany, unincorporatedCompany: change of nameCompany: commencement of businessCompany: disclosure of interest in sharesCompany: registered numberCompany: winding-upCompany's liquidation accountComparative static equilibrium analysisCompensated demand (Hicksian demand)Compensating errorsCompensating variationCompensating wage differentialCompensation for externalitiesCompensation for loss of officeCompensation principleCompetitionCompetition and Markets Authority (CMA)Competition policyCompetitive advantageCompetitive devaluationCompetitive economyCompetitive equilibriumCompetitive fringeCompetitive marketCompetitive tenderingCompetitivenessComplementarityComplementary demandCompliance costsComposite demandCompound interestComprehensive insuranceComptrollerComputable general equilibrium modelComputerized tradingCon-manConcentrationConcentration ratioConcentric mergerConcert partyConcert party agreementsConciliationConditionConditional cost of living indexConditional distributionConditional orderConditional sale agreementCondorcet paradoxConfederation of British IndustryConference linesConfidence intervalConfirming houseConflict of lawCongestionConglomerateConglomerate mergerConjectural variationConjunction ticketConsequential lossConservative central bankerConservative social welfare functionConsiderationConsignment noteConsignorConsistent estimatorConsolidated accountsConsolidated fundConsolidation of capitalConsolsConsortiumConspicuous consumptionConstant elasticity of substitution (CES)Constant returns to scaleConstrained optimumConstraintConstruction industryConstructive total lossConsular invoiceConsumerConsumer confidenceConsumer creditConsumer Credit Act 1974 (UK)Consumer debtConsumer durablesConsumer expenditureConsumer Expenditure SurveyConsumer goodConsumer loyaltyConsumer non-durablesConsumer price index (CPI)Consumer protectionConsumer rationalityConsumer sovereigntyConsumer surplusConsumerismConsumers' expenditureConsumers' preferenceConsumers' sovereigntyConsumptionConsumption externalityConsumption functionContagionContemporaneous correlationContestable marketContingent assetContingent commodityContingent liabilitiesContingent marketContingent protectionContingent valuationContinuation clauseContinuous compoundingContinuous random variableContinuous timeContinuous variableContractContract by deedContract curveContract evidenced in writingContract for difference (CFD)Contract for differencesContract in writingContract noteContract of affreightmentContract of employmentContract of novationContract of personal serviceContract of recordContract theoryContract, ambiguity inContract, anticipatory breach ofContract, breach ofContract, continuousContract, drunkard'sContract, gamingContract, illegalContract, infant'sContract, married womanContract, paroleContract, privity ofContract, specialtyContract, voidContract, voidableContract: substantial performanceContracted-out (services)ContributionContribution marginContribution margin per unitContribution margin ratioContributoryContributory pension schemeControl accountsControl groupControllerController - Finansleksikonet SverigeConvention on Biological Diversity (CBD)Convergence (economic)Convergence criteriaConvergence in distribution (weak convergence)Convergence in mean squaresConvergence in probabilityConversionConvertibilityConvertible bank-noteConvertible loan stockConvex preferencesCooperationCooperative gameCoordination failureCoreCore inflationCorner solutionCornering the marketCorporate equityCorporate governanceCorporate planningCorporate raiderCorporate sectorCorporate social responsibilityCorporationCorporation aggregateCorporation soleCorporation tax (UK)CorporatismCorrelationCorrelation coefficientCorresponding figuresCorruptionCorruption Perception IndexCorsetCostCost accountantCost accounting, costing and cost controlCost and freight (c. & f.)Cost and Management Accountants, Institute of (I.M.A.)Cost benefit analysisCost book mining companiesCost centreCost curvesCost effectivenessCost functionCost inflationCost minimizationCost of goods soldCost of living indexCost of protectionCost scheduleCost-plusCost-plus contractCost-push inflationCost-volume profit analysisCost, insurance, freight, and interest (ciLfj.)Costs, historical or historieCosts, seilingCouncil for Mutual Economic Aid (Comecon)Council for the Securities IndustryCouncil housingCouncil of Economic AdvisersCouncil taxCounter-partyCounter-party credit riskCounter-tradeCounterclaimCounterfactual analysisCountervailing dutyCountervailing powerCounty court judgmentsCouponCournot competitionCovarianceCovariance matrixCovariance stationary processCovenantsCover noteCovered interest parityCowles FoundationCreative accountingCreative destructionCredibilityCredible threatCreditCredit accountCredit controlCredit creationCredit crunchCredit cycleCredit default swapCredit guaranteeCredit insuranceCredit noteCredit ratingCredit rationingCredit sale agreementCredit squeezeCredit transferCredit transfer, or GiroCredit unionCredit-rating agencyCreditor nationCreditorsCreditworthinessCreeping inflationCritical path analysisCritical valueCross offerCross-elasticity of demandCross-holding (of shares)Cross-price elasticity of demandCross-section analysisCrossing, generalCrossing, specialCrossing: not negotiableCrowding outCryptocurrencyCryptocurrency miningCum newCumulative distribution function (cdf)Cupon paymentsCurrencyCurrency appreciationCurrency depreciationCurrency of a billCurrency PairCurrency pegCurrency reformCurrency riskCurrent (bank) accountCurrent accountCurrent account surplusCurrent assetsCurrent balanceCurrent cost accounting (C.C.A.)Current expenditureCurrent liabilitiesCurrent Population Survey (CPS)Current pricesCurrent purchasing power (C.P.P.) accountingCurrent ratioCurrent taxationCurrent-weighted index (Paasche index)Curse of dimensionalityCustom of tradeCustoms drawbackCustoms tariffCustoms unionCustoms: airportsCustoms: crews' effectsCustoms: final clearance inwards and entry outwardsCustoms: landing cargoCustoms: ships' storesCut-throat competitionCuts in expenditureCyclical adjustmentCyclical stockCyclical unemploymentCyclically adjusted PSBRDamagesDamages, exemplaryDamages, liquidatedDamages, nominalDamages, substantialDamages, unliquidatedDandy noteData miningData smoothingDawn raidDay tradingDay-to-day moneyDaybookDays of graceDDDDead cat bounceDead freiglitDead rentDeadweight burden of taxesDeadweight debtDeadweight lossDear moneyDeath duty UKDebentures, Debenture StockDebentures, reissue ofDebitDebit noteDebtDebt burdenDebt collectingDebt crisisDebt deflationDebt for equityDebt managementDebt service ratioDebt servicingDebt-to-equity ratioDebtorsDecentralised financeDecentralizationDecileDecimal currencyDecimalizationDecision theoryDecision treeDeck cargoDeclaration of solvencyDecreasing balance depreciationDecreasing returns to scaleDecreasing term assuranceDeductibilityDeductiblesDeed of arrangementDeed of assignmentDeed of inspectorshipDeep discounted bondsDefence bonds (UK)Defensive stock Deferred annuityDeferred rebateDeferred taxationDeficiency paymentDeficitDeficit financingDefined benefitDefined contributionDeflationDeflationary gapDefunct companyDegrees of freedomDeindustrializationDeintellectualizationDel credere agentDelegatus non potest delegareDelivered docksDelivery noteDelors ReportDemandDemand curveDemand deposit (U.S.)Demand for labourDemand for moneyDemand functionDemand inflationDemand priceDemand-determined outputDemand-pull inflationDemarcation disputeDemographic transitionDemographic unemploymentDemurrageDepartment storeDependency cultureDependent variableDepletable resourcesDepositDeposit accountDeposit insuranceDeposit, hire purchase agreementDeposit, lesseeDeposit: sale of goodsDepreciation (Accounting)Depreciation (Economics)DepressionDeregulationDerivative (financial)Derived demandDescriptive statisticsDestination principle of taxationDestructive competitionDetinueDeutschmark (DM)DevaluationDeveloping countryDevelopment areasDevelopment economicsDevelopment land tax (UK)DeviationDiamond-Mirriees production efficiency lemmaDickey-Fuller (DF) testDies nonDifference in differencesDifferential gameDifferentiation, productDiffusion of innovationsDilapidationsDilutionDiminishing balance methodDiminishing marginal product, law ofDiminishing returns to scaleDiminishing returns, law ofDiners ClubDirect debit mandateDirect debitingDirect debitsDirect expensesDirect investmentDirect labourDirect sellingDirect taxationDirectorDirectors, disclosure of transactions withDirectors, Institute ofDirectors' emolumentsDirectors' feesDirectors' reportDirectors' service contracts (UK)Directors' valuationDirigismeDischarge of contractDiscountDiscount (bills of exchange)Discount brokerDiscount houseDiscount marketDiscount rateDiscount storeDiscount windowDiscounted cash flowDiscounted cash flow (D.C.F.)Discounting backDiscounting the futureDiscouraged workerDiscrete choice modelsDiscrete random variableDiscrete timeDiscrete variableDiscretionDiscretionary policyDiscretionary spendingDiscriminating dutyDiscriminatory analysisDiseconomyDisembodied technical progressDisequilibriumDisguised unemploymentDishoardingDisincentivesDisinflationDisintermediationDisinvestmentDispersionDisposable incomeDissavingDissentient: purchase of interestDistorted pricesDistortionsDistraintDistributable reservesDistribution, theory ofDistributional weightDistributionsDistributive industryDistributorDisutilityDivergence indicatorDiversificationDivestmentDividendDividend - Finansleksikonet SverigeDividend controlDividend equalization accountDividend limitationDividend mandateDividend restraintDividend strippingDividend tax (UK)Dividend warrantDividend yieldDivisia indexDivision of labourDock duesDock warrantDocumentary creditDocuments against acceptanceDollarDollar Cost AveragingDollar gapDollar premiumDollar standardDomestic Credit Expansion (D.C.E.)Domestic productDomestic ratesDominant firmDominant strategyDomino effectDoneeDonorDormant companiesDotcom companyDouble countingDouble deflationDouble insuranceDouble taxationDouble taxation agreementDouble taxation reliefDouble-dip recessionDouble-dividend hypothesisDouble-entry book-keepingDoubling timeDoubling time - continous compoundingDoubling time - simple interestDoubtful debts, provision forDouceurDow-Jones IndexDown paymentDownward-sloping demand curveDozenDraperDrawbackDraweeDrawing rightsDrobisch price indexDrysalterDual currency bondDual currency bond - Finansleksikonet SverigeDual economyDualityDumpingDuopolyDuopsonyDurable goodsDurbin-Watson testDurbin’s testDuressDutch auctionDutch diseaseDuty paid contractsDynamic equilibriumDynamic inconsistencyDynamic inefficiencyDynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) modelDynamicsE-commerceEarly retirementEarmarkingEarned incomeEarning capacityEarningsEarnings (company)Earnings functionEarnings per shareEarnings yieldEarnings-related pensionsEasementEast Asian tigersEast India CompanyEasy fiscal policyEasy monetary policyEcological fallacyEconometric modelEconometricsEconomic activityEconomic activity classificationEconomic and Social Research Council (ESRC)Economic Community of West African States (E.C.O.W.A.S.)Economic Cooperation Administration (E.C.A.)Economic developmentEconomic dynamicsEconomic efficiencyEconomic freedomEconomic geographyEconomic goodEconomic growthEconomic growth, stages ofEconomic imperialismEconomic indicatorsEconomic manEconomic meltdownEconomic modelEconomic planningEconomic policyEconomic profitEconomic Recovery Tax Act of 1981Economic rentEconomic Report of the PresidentEconomic sanctionEconomic statisticsEconomic systemEconomic theoryEconomic unionEconomically active populationEconomicsEconomies of scaleEconomies of scopeEconomyEdgeworth boxEdinburgh GazetteEffective demandEffective exchange rateEffective protectionEfficiencyEfficiency auditEfficiency wagesEfficiency-equity trade-offEfficient allocationEfficient markets hypothesisEffluent chargeEighth scheduleEjusdem generis ruleElasticElasticityElasticity of demandElasticity of intertemporal substitutionElasticity of substitutionElasticity of supplyElasticity of technical substitutionElectronic moneyElectronic tradingElementary price indexEligible paperEmbargoEmbodied technical progressEmerging market and developing economiesEmerging marketsEmerging markets - Finansleksikonet SverigeEmission permitEmission taxesEmissionsEmolumentsEmpirical testingEmployeeEmployee buy-outEmployee stock ownership plan (ESOP)Employees, information regardingEmployees: loans for purchase of sharesEmployerEmployers' liability insuranceEmployers’ associationEmploymentEmployment agenciesEmployment protectionEmployment, fullEmporiumEndogeneity problemEndogenous business cycleEndogenous growthEndogenous variableEndorsementEndowmentEnergy taxEngel curveEngel's lawEnglish auctionEnronEnterpriseEnterprise allowance schemeEnterprise cultureEnterprise Investment Scheme (EIS)Enterprise zonesEntitlement programEntitlementsEntrepot tradeEntrepreneurEntryEnvelope curveEnvelope theroremEnvironmentEnvironmental economicsEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA)Environmental taxesEqual Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)Equal payEqual sacrificeEquality and Human Rights Commission (UK)Equalization grantEqualizing wage differentialEquation of international demandEquilibriumEquilibrium priceEquilibrium quantityEquipment leasingEquitiesEquityEquity (financial definition)Equity capitalEquity Capital for lndustry (E.C.I.)Equity dilutionEquity of redemptionEquity withdrawalEquivalent variationError correction model (ECM)Error termErrors and omissions excepted (E. & O. E.)Errors in variables biasEscalation clauseEscheatEscrowESGEstablishmentEstate agentEstate Duties Investment Trust (E.D.I.T.H.)Estate duty (UK)Estimates (UK)EstimatorEstoppelETFEthical investingEU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS)Euler´s theoremEuler, Leonhard (1707-83)EuroEuro-bondsEuro-currenciesEuro-dollarsEuro-marketEurobarometerEurolandEurope agreementsEuropean Banking AuthorityEuropean Central Bank (ECB)European Coal and Steel CommunityEuropean CommissionEuropean Communities ActEuropean currency snakeEuropean Currency Unit (E.C.U.)European Economic Community (EEC)European economic integrationEuropean Financial Stability Facility (EFSF)European Free Trade Association (E.F.T.A.)European Investment Bank (E.I.B.)European Monetary Agreement (E.M.A.)European Monetary InstituteEuropean Monetary System (E.M.S.)European Monetary Union (EMU)European Payments Union (E.P.U.)European Recovery ProgrammeEuropean Single MarketEuropean Social SurveyEuropean Stability Mechanism (ESM)European System of Central Banks (ESCB)European Union (EU)European Units of AccountEurosystemEvolutionary theory of the firmEx anteEx dividendEx dividend (ex div)Ex gratiaEx newEx postEx shipExceptional itemsExcess capacityExcess demandExcess supplyExchangeExchange controlExchange economyExchange equalization accountExchange equationsExchange of sharesExchange rateExchange rate bandsExchange rate fluctuationsExchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)Exchange rate overshootingExchange rate regimeExchange risk guarantee schemeExchequerExcise dutyExclusionExclusive dealingExecutive directorExemption clauseExercise priceExistence of equilibriumExitExit priceExogenous expectationsExogenous variableExoticsExpectationsExpectations-augmented Phillips curveExpected inflationExpected utilityExpected valueExpenditureExpenditure and Food Survey (EFS)Expenditure changingExpenditure functionExpenditure methodExpenditure switchingExpenditure taxExpenditure-based deflatorExperimental economicsExponential distributionExponential smoothingExport assistance registerExport concentrationExport controlExport creditExport credit agencyExport credit insuranceExport Credits Guarantee DepartmentExport houseExport incentivesExport licensing and restrictionsExport multiplierExport promotionExport rebate schemeExport subsidyExport-Import BankExport-led growthExportablesExporters' declarationsExportsExposure to riskExtended protestExtensive formExtensive marginExternal balanceExternal deficitExternal diseconomies of scaleExternal economies of scaleExternal labour marketExternal surplusExternalitiesExtractive industryExtraordinary itemsExtrapolationExtrapolative expectationsF-distribution (Snedekor's F-distribution)F-testFace valueFactorFactor costFactor endowmentFactor incomesFactor incomes from abroadFactor intensityFactor marketsFactor mobilityFactor paymentsFactor price frontierFactor pricesFactor productivityFactoringFactoring - Finansleksikonet SverigeFactors of productionFacultative endorsementFair gambleFair oddsFair rate of returnFair Trading Act (UK)Fair Trading Act 1973FairnessFamily allowanceFamily Expenditure Survey (FES)Family income supplementFan chartFarm Credit System (FCS)Farm subsidiesFeasible setFederal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)Federal fiscal systemFederal reserve systemFederal Trade Commission (FTC)Fellow subsidiariesFeme covertFeme soleFiat moneyFictitious assetsFidelity guaranteeFiduciary issueField experimentFinal accountsFinal goodsFinal productsFinal salary schemeFinanceFinance ActFinance Corporation for Industry LtdFinance houseFinance Houses AssociationFinancial accountantFinancial assetsFinancial Conduct Authority (UK)Financial CrisisFinancial deregulationFinancial economicsFinancial futuresFinancial futures - Finansleksikonet SverigeFinancial healthFinancial innovationFinancial intermediariesFinancial marketsFinancial Policy Committee (FPC)Financial ratiosFinancial repressionFinancial sectorFinancial Service AuthorityFinancial Services ActFinancial soundness indicatorsFinancial TimesFinancial Times Actuaries Ail-Share IndexFinancial Times Actuaries Share lndicesFinancial Times Industrial Ordinary Share Index (F.T. Index)Financial Times Share IndexesFinancial Times-Stock Exchange 100 Share Index (FT-SE 100, Footsie)Financial yearFinancierFine billFine trade billFine tuningFinite sample distribution (of a statistic)Fire insuranceFirmFirm objectiveFirm-specific human capitalFirm, theory ofFirst class paperFirst differenceFirst in first out (F.I.F.O.)First-best allocationsFirst-degree price discriminationFirst-mover advantageFirst-price auctionFiscal dragFiscal federalismFiscal illusionFiscal neutralityFiscal policyFiscal stanceFiscal stimulusFiscal yearFisher effectFisher’s ideal price indexFive-year plan(s)Fixed assetsFixed chargeFixed coefficient production functionFixed costsFixed effectsFixed exchange rateFixed factorsFixed interest securitiesFixed investmentFixed trustsFixpriceFixtures, fittings, etcFlag carrierFlags of convenienceFlat yieldFletcherFlexible trustFlexible wagesFlexitimeFlexpriceFlight couponFlight from moneyFloating assetsFloating capitalFloating chargeFloating debenturesFloating debtFloating policyFloorFloor priceFloor traderFlotationFlotsamFlow chartFolk theoremFood and Agricultural Organization (F.A.O.)Food securityFood stampsFoolscapFootloose industryFor the accountForbearanceForced savingForecastForeclosureForeign aidForeign bill of exchangeForeign billsForeign currency-denominated borrowingForeign direct investmentForeign exchangeForeign exchange marketForeign exchange reservesForeign investmentForeign judgmentsForeign tradeForged transfer of sharesFortress EuropeForwardForward contractForward datingForward dealingsForward exchange marketForward exchange rateForward integrationForward marketForward priceForward-looking behaviourForwarding agentFoul bill of ladingFounders' sharesFourier analysisFourth scheduleFractional reserve bankingFranc fortFranchise policyFranchisesFranco, rendu, or free contractsFranked investment incomeFraudFraud, agreements to commitFraudulent conveyanceFraudulent preferenceFraudulent preference: companiesFraudulent tradingFree alongside ship (f.a.s.)Free depreciationFree enterpriseFree entryFree exchange ratesFree exitFree from particular averageFree goodsFree lunchFree marketFree market economyFree of all averageFree of capture, etc.Free on board (f.o.b.)Free on board and trimmedFree riderFree tradeFree trade areaFree-portFree-trade agreementFree-trade zonesFreeboardFreedom of entryFreehold landFreightFreight forwardFreight notesFreightlinerFrench companiesFrench gold francsFrequency distributionFrequency domain analysisFrequency tableFrictional unemploymentFriedman, MiltonFriendly SocietiesFringe benefitsFront-end chargeFrozen assetsFrustration clauseFrustration of contractFull cost pricingFull employmentFull employment national incomeFull information maximum likelihood (FIML) estimationFull-line forcingFully funded pensionFunctional income distributionFundamental analysisFundamental disequilibriumFundamental termsFundamental Theorems of Welfare EconomicsFundamentalsFunded debtFunded pension schemesFundingFunding operationsFur auctionsFuture goods, sale ofFuture valueFuture value factorFuture value of annuityFuture value of annuity - continous compoundingFuture value of annuity - solve for nFuture value of annuity dueFuture value of growing annuityFuture value with continous compundingFuturesFutures - Finansleksikonet SverigeFutures contractFutures marketFutures, dealing inGains from tradeGalbraith, John KennethGaliani, Ferdinando (1728-87)Galloping inflationGamblingGames, theory ofGamma distributionGamma stocksGarnishee orderGauss-Markov theoremGaussian processGazumpingGazunderingGDP deflatorGearingGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (G.A.T.T.)General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)General Agreement to BorrowGeneral Anti-Avoidance Rule (GAAR)General average lossGeneral average sacrificeGeneral equilibriumGeneral equilibrium analysisGeneral governmentGeneral government final consumptionGeneral human capitalGeneral Lifestyle Survey (GLF)General linear hypothesisGeneral linear modelGeneral offerGeneralized least squares (GLS) estimatorGeneralized method of moments (GMM) estimatorGeneralized System of Preferences (GSP)Geometric distributionGeometric lag modelGeometric meanGeometric progressionGeorge, Henry (1839-97)German comipaniesGerman Economic and Monetary Union (GEMU)Giffen goodsGiffen paradoxGiftGift chequesGift tax (U.S.)Gift tokenGilt-edged market-makersGilt-edged securitiesGini coefficientGlass-Steagal ActGlejser testGlobal commonsGlobal Financial Stability ReportGlobal public goodGlobal warmingGlobalizationGlutGold and foreign exchange reservesGold coinsGold exchange standardGold marketGold parityGold PoolGold standardGolden parachutesGolden ruleGoldfeld-Quandt testGoodhart’s lawGoodness of fit measuresGoodsGoods on approvalGoods on consignmentGoodwillGoodwill (Badwill)GosplanGossen, Hermann Heinrich (1810-58)GovernmentGovernment debtGovernment failureGovernment National Mortgage Association (GNMA)Government productionGovernment securitiesGovernment spending on real goods and servicesGovernment stocksGovernment transfer paymentsGradualismGradualist monetarismGraduated pensions schemeGraftGramm-Rudman-HollingsGranger causalityGranny bondsGrant in aidGratuityGraving dockGravity modelGreat DepressionGreat Leap ForwardGreen currencyGreen GDPGreen issuesGreen paperGreen poundGreen revolutionGreen sleeves workerGreen taxesGreenfield developmentGreengrocerGreenhouse gasesGresham’s lawGrocerGrossGross domestic capital formationGross domestic fixed capital formationGross domestic product (G.D.P.)Gross domestic product at factor costGross fixed investmentGross investmentGross marginGross national product (G.N.P.)Gross national product at factor costGross national product at market pricesGross national product deflatorGross profitGrossing upGround rentsGroupGroup accountsGroup accounts: omission of subsidiariesGroup of Eight (G8)Group of Seven (G7)Group of TenGrowing annuity payment - present valueGrowth accountingGrowth cyclesGrowth rateGrowth stocksGrowth theoryGuaranteeGuineaGunsmithHaberdasherHabit persistenceHaggleHalf-commission manHallmarkHammeredHang Seng indexHappiness indexHarberger triangleHard budget constraintHard currencyHard EcuHard landingHard loanHard-core unemployedHarmonic meanHarmonizationHarrod-Domar modelHarrod-neutral technical progressHaulageHausman testHawalaHawkerHawtrey, Sir Ralph George. (1879-1975)Hayek, Friedrich August vonHDI, Human Development IndexHead leaseHealth and Safety at Work Act (UK)Health economicsHealth insuranceHeavily indebted poor countriesHeckscher-Ohlin principleHedge fundHedgingHedging - Finansleksikonet SverigeHedonic pricingHedonismHeteroscedasticityHicks-neutral technical progressHicks, Sir John RichardHidden unemploymentHigh seasHigh-powered moneyHire purchaseHire Purchase Act 1965 (UK)Hire purchase contracts: conditions and warrantiesHire purchase financeHiringHistogramHistorical costHistorical cost accountingHit-and-run entryHM Revenue and Customs (HMRC)HM Treasury (HMT)HoardingHockey stickHogsheadHold-upHolder for valueHolder in due courseHolding company, identity ofHolding outHome biasHomogeneous productsHomoscedasticityHong Kong Stock ExchangeHonorary secretaryHorizontal equityHosierHostile bidHot moneyHotelling, HaroldHotelling’s lawHours of workHouseholdHousehold decision-makingHousehold productionHousing association (UK)Housing benefitHull insuranceHuman capitalHuman Development Index (HDI)Hume, David (1711-76)Hutcheson, Francis (1694-1746)Hyperbolic discountingHyperinflationHyperinflation - Finansleksikonet SverigeHypermarketHypothecationHypothecation, letter ofHypothesisHypothesis testingHysteresisI.O.UIATA historyICAEWIdentification problemIdiosyncratic riskIf and only if (iff)Ignorantia juris neminem excusatIllegalIllegal partnershipsIlliquidityImmediate annuityImmediate holding companyImmigrationImmiserizing growthImmobile factorsImpact effectImperfect competitionImperfect marketImperial systemImpersonal accountsImplicit contractImplicit costImplied termsImplied volatilityImport controlImport depositsImport Duties Act 1932Import licenceImport penetrationImport propensityImport restrictionsImport specie pointImport substitutionImport surchargeImportablesImported inflationImporters' entries of goodsImportsImpossibility theoremImpressed stampsImprestImpulse buyingImpure public goodImputation systemImputed charge for consumption of non-trading capitalImputed costImputed incomeImputed social contributionsIn pari delictoIn the bankIn-kind redistributionInactive moneyIncentive compatibilityIncentive contractIncentive schemeIncentivesInchmaree clauseInchoate instrumentIncidence of taxationIncomeIncome and expenditure accountIncome bondsIncome distributionIncome effectIncome elasticity of demandIncome expansion pathIncome from employmentIncome from operationsIncome from self-employmentIncome inequalityIncome maintenance programmeIncome methodIncome redistributionIncome supportIncome taxIncome tax allowancesIncome tax, repayment ofIncome velocity of circulationIncome, circular flow ofIncomplete contractIncomplete informationIncomplete marketsIncorporationIncrease in the book value of stocks and work in progressIncrease of capitalIncreasing returns to scaleIncumbent firmIndemnityIndentIndentureIndependent risksIndependent variableIndex numberIndex of Industrial ProductionIndex of membersIndex of Wages and Salaries, FinlandIndex-linkedIndex-linked policiesIndex-linked savings certificatesIndexationIndexation (funds)IndicatorIndifference analysisIndifference curveIndirect expensesIndirect investmentIndirect labourIndirect least squaresIndirect taxIndirect taxationIndirect utility functionIndividual Retirement Account (IRA)Individual Savings Account (ISA)Inducement to break a contractIndustrial actionIndustrial and Commercial Finance CompanyIndustrial artists and designersIndustrial Artists and Designers, Society ofIndustrial bankIndustrial Bankers' AssociationIndustrial democracyIndustrial disputeIndustrial economicsIndustrial life assuranceIndustrial organization, economics ofIndustrial policyIndustrial relationsIndustrial sectorIndustrializationIndustryIndustry Acts (UK)Industry demand for labourInefficiencyInelasticInelastic demandInelastic supplyInequalityInfant industry argumentInferior goodInflationInflation accountingInflation rateInflation taxInflation-adjusted budget deficitInflationary gapInformationInformation agreementInformation criterionInfrastructureInherent viceInheritance tax (UK)Initial conditionsInitial public offering (IPO)Injections to the circular flow of incomeInjunctionInland billInlierInnocent entry barriersInnovationInputInput pricesInput taxInput-output analysisInscribed stockInside moneyInsider dealingsInsiders and outsidersInsolvencyInsolvency Act 1985 (UK)Inspector of TaxesInstalmentInstalment credit (U.S.)Instalments, delivery and paymentInstantInstitute cargo clausesInstitute of Accounting StaffInstitutional economicsInstitutional investorsInstitutional shareholderInstrumental variableInsurable interestInsurance brokerInsurance Brokers Registration CouncilInsurance companyInsurance premiumIntangible assetsIntegrationIntellectual property rightsIntensive marginInter-American Development Bank (I.D.B.)Inter-bank marketInter-company loans marketInter-dealer brokersInter-industry tradeInterdependent utilityInterdictInterestInterest coverInterest equalization taxInterest on callsInterest on debtsInterest out of capitalInterest paid by companiesInterest paymentsInterest RatesInterest-elasticity of the demand for moneyInterest-rate futuresInterest-rate swapsInterest, abstinence theory ofInterest, classical theory ofInterest, natural rate ofInterest, time preference theory ofInterests in subsidiaries not consolidatedIntergenerational equityIntergenerational mobilityIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)Interim accountsInterim dividendInterim receiverInterim reportInterior solution (interior optimum)Interlocking directorateIntermediate productsInternal auditInternal balanceInternal checkInternal controlInternal labour marketInternal marketInternal rate of returnInternal Revenue Service (IRS)Internalizing externalitiesInternational Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentInternational cartelInternational Commodities Clearing HouseInternational commodity agreementsInternational debtInternational Development Association (I.D.A.)International economicsInternational Energy Agency (I.E.A.)International Finance Corporation (I.F.C.)International Labour Organization (I.L.O.)International liquidityInternational Monetary FundInternational monetary systemInternational paymentsInternational tradeInternational Trade Organization (I.T.O.)Internet of Things (IoT)Interpersonal comparisonsInterpolationInterquartile rangeInterstate Commerce Conimission (ICC)Intertemporal budget constraintIntertemporal substitutionInterventionIntervention in foreign exchange marketsIntra-European Payments AgreementIntra-industry tradeIntra-marginal intervention (in foreign exchange markets)IntrapreneurIntrinsic valueIntroductionInventionInventoryInventory investment cycleInventory turonver ratioInverse correlationInverse elasticity ruleInvestigations, companyInvestingInvestmentInvestment allowanceInvestment appraisalInvestment clubInvestment companyInvestment demand curveInvestment grantsInvestment in knowledgeInvestment in stocks and work in progressInvestment incentivesInvestment incomeInvestment income surchargeInvestment Management Regulatory Organization (IMRO)Investment poolsInvestment portfolioInvestment trustsInvestments: in company accountsInvisible handInvisible tradeInvisiblesInvitation to treatInvoiceInvoice discountingInvoluntary unemploymentInward investmentIOUIronmongerIrredeemable securityIrrevocable and confirmed creditIrrevocable documentary acceptance creditIS curveIS-LM modelIslamic bankingIso-cost linesIsocost curveIsoprofit curveIsoquantIssueIssued capitalIssuing brokerIssuing houseIssuing Houses AssociationJ-curveJ-testJason clauseJenkins CommitteeJerqueJerque noteJerry buildingJetsamJettisonsJevons, William Stanley (1835--82)JobJob acceptance scheduleJob analysisJob enrichmentJob evaluationJobber's turnJobberyJohansen’s approachJoint accountJoint and severalJoint consultationJoint costsJoint demandJoint holdersJoint probability distributionJoint productsJoint stock companyJoint tenantsJoint tenureJoint ventureJournalJudgment debtJunk bondJust-in-timeKaffirsKaldor, NicholasKalman filterKangaroosKeelageKennedy RoundKernelKernel regressionKeynes PlanKeynes, John Maynard (1883--1946)Keynesian economicsKeynesian unemploymentKinked demand curveKiteKite flyingKite markKlein, LaurenceKleptocracyKnight, Frank Hyneman (1885--1973)Knock-for-knock agreementKnock-on effectKnotKnow-howKnowledge economyKondratieff cycleKoopmans, Tjalling C.Koyck transformationKrugerrandKurtosisKuznets curveKuznets, SimonKyoto ProtocolLabourLabour economicsLabour forceLabour Force SurveyLabour hoardingLabour marketLabour standardsLabour supplyLabour turnoverLabour-augmenting technical progressLabour-intensiveLabour, mobility ofLachesLaesio enormisLaffer curveLag operatorsLaissez-faireLame duckLandLand waiterLandedLanding bookLandlordLands Improvement CompanyLarange multiplierLarboardLarcenyLaspeyres indexLast in first out (L.I.F.O.)Latent variableLatin American crisisLatin American Free Trade Association (L.A.F.T.A.)Lausanne schoolLaw of diminishing returnsLaw of large numbersLaw of one priceLaw SocietyLaw, John (1671-1729)Lawyer (UK)Lay daysLayfield CommitteeLaying-offLeading indicatorLeads and lagsLeakages from the circular flow of incomeLearning by doingLearning curveLeaseLease-backLeasehold landLeasehold propertyLeast squares regressionLeast-developed countryLeast-squares growth rateLeewardLegal tenderLeisureLemonLender of last resortLeontief paradoxLeontief, Wassily W.Lerner indexLesseeLetter of attorneyLetter of creditLetter of indenmityLetter of licenceLetter of mart and countermartLetter of regretLetter of renunciationLetters patentLeverageLeveraged buy-outLeveragingLewis, Sir William ArthurLiabilitiesLiabilityLiberal trade policyLiberalizationLiberalized economiesLicenceLicence RajLicence, motor vehiclesLicensed dealersLicensingLienLien on sharesLien, equitableLien, generalLien, maritimeLien, particularLien, possessoryLife Assurance and Unit Trust Regulatory Organization (LAUTRO)Life cycleLight duesLikelihood functionLikelihood ratio testLimit pricingLimitation of actionsLimitedLimited dependent variableLimited information maximum likelihood (LIML) estimationLimited liabilityLindahl equilibriumLine managementLinear approximationLinear probability modelLinear programmingLinear regressionLinear relationshipLiquid assetsLiquid ratioLiquidationLiquidation: admission and rejection of proofsLiquidation: committee of inspectionLiquidation: meetings of creditors and contributoriesLiquidation: preferential debtsLiquidation: proof of debtsLiquidatorLiquidator's accountsLiquidators, appointment ofLiquidityLiquidity constraintLiquidity preferenceLiquidity riskLiquidity trapLisbon Agreement (Treaty of Lisbon, Lisbon Treaty)LishuList priceListed companyListed securityLittle NeddiesLivery companiesLiving Costs and Food Survey (LCF)Lloyd'sLloyd's agentsLloyd's List and Shipping GazetteLloyd's medalsLloyd's Register of ShippingLM curvelndex number problemlnduced investmentlnflationlnterest, productivity theories oflnventory analysislnventory investmentlnvestment bank (U.S.)lnvestment functionlnvestment opportunity curveLoad lineLoading brokerLoanLoan capitalLoan portfolioLoan stockLoan-loss reserveLoanable fundsLoans to directorsLoans-to-deposit ratioLobbyingLocal authority housingLocal governmentLocal public goodLocationLocation theoryLocations scale family of distributionsLock-outLocomotive principleLocus poenitentiaeLog-linear functionLog-normal distributionLog-rollingLogarithmic scaleLogistic curveLogistic distributionLogit modelLombard StreetLome ConventionLondon acceptance creditLondon bank export creditLondon Bankers' Clearing HouseLondon Commodity Exchange (L.C.E.)London GazetteLondon International Financial Futures Exchange (L.I.F.F.E.)London Metal ExchangeLondon Metal Exchange (L.M.E.)London Money Market AssociationLondon Stock ExchangeLong positionLong rateLong term debt ratioLong-end of the marketLong-runLong-run Phillips curveLong-term capitalLong-term interest rateLong-term liabiltiesLong-term unemploymentLongfield, Samuel Mountifort (1802-84)Lorenz curveLossLoss leadersLost share certificatesLouvre AccordLucas critiqueLump of labour fallacyLump sum, freightLump systemLump-sum taxLuncheon vouchersLutine bellLuxuryMaastricht TreatyMacmillan GapMacroeconometricsMacroeconomic policyMacroeconomic trilemmaMacroeconomicsMadoff BernardMail order firmMainstream corporation taxMaintaining capital intactMaintenanceMajority shareholderMajority votingMajors and MinorsMaking a priceMaking up dayMaking up priceMalthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834)Malynes, Gerald (1586-1641)Man-of-warManaged currencyManaged floating exchange rateManaged tradeManagementManagement accountantManagement buy-outsManagement companyManagement consultantManagement Consultants' AssociationManagement gameManagerial theories of the firmManaging directorManchester schoolManchester Ship CanalMandateMandatory spending programmeMandeville, Bernard de (1670--1733)ManifestManpower Services CommissionManufacturer's agentManufacturing industryMarginMargin requirementMargin tradingMarginal analysisMarginal benefitMarginal conditions for optimalityMarginal costMarginal cost of abatementMarginal cost pricingMarginal effectMarginal firmMarginal landMarginal private benefitMarginal private costMarginal productMarginal product of labourMarginal productivity of labourMarginal productivity theory of wagesMarginal propensity to consume (M.P.C.)Marginal rate of substitutionMarginal rate of substitution (M.R.S.)Marginal rate of technical substitutionMarginal rate of transformationMarginal relief (example)Marginal revenueMarginal revenue productMarginal social benefitMarginal social costMarginal social productMarginal tax rateMarginal utilityMarginal utility of incomeMarginal utility of moneyMarginal utility of wealthMarginal utility, law of diminishingMarginal value productMarine insuranceMarine insurance: third party riskMark-to-marketMark-upMarketMarket accessMarket capitalizationMarket clearingMarket definitionMarket equilibriumMarket failureMarket forcesMarket leaderMarket overtMarket powerMarket pricesMarket Research SocietyMarket riskMarket shareMarket structureMarket supplyMarket to book ratioMarket valueMarket-makerMarketable securitiesMarketingMarketing researchMarketing, Institute ofMarketsMarkov chainMarshal-Edgeworth price indexMarshall AidMarshall-Lerner criterionMarshall, Alfred (1842-1924)Marshallian demand (ordinary demand, uncompensated demand)MartingaleMarx, Karl (1818--83)Mass productionMassaging statisticsMaster porterMatchingMatching penniesMathematical economicsMatrixMatrix algebraMaturityMaturity dateMaximandMaximinMaximin strategyMaximum likelihood estimator (MLE)Meade ReviewMeade, Sir James EdwardMeanMean deviationMean priceMean reversionMean squared errorMean-variance preferencesMeans testMeans-tested benefitsMeasurement errorMechanism designMedianMedian voter theoremMedicaidMedicareMedium-dated securityMedium-term capitalMedium-Term Financial Strategy (MTFS)Meeting, notice ofMeeting, ordinaryMember bankMembers of companiesMeme stockMemorandum of associationMemorandum of satisfactionMenger, Carl (1840-1921)Menu costsMenu costs of inflationMercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR)MercantilismMercerMerchandise accountMerchant BanksMerchant shipperMerchantable qualityMerchantmanMergerMerit goodsMeta-analysisMetaverseMetric systemMetricsMicroeconometricsMicroeconomicsMid-market priceMiddle-manMigrants’ remittancesMigrationMilitary-industrial complexMill, John Stuart (1806-1873)Millennium Development GoalsMillennium RoundMillinerMinimal stateMinimandMinimaxMinimax regretMinimum efficient scaleMinimum lending rateMinimum subscriptionMinimum wageMinorMinorities, minority interestMinority shareholdersMintMirriees ReviewMisaligned exchange rateMisery indexMises, Ludwig Edler von (1881-1973)Misfeasance summonssMismatchMisrepresentationMisrepresentation Act 1967Misselden, Edward (1608-54)Missing marketMistakeMitigationMitigation of damageMix of policiesMixed economyMixed strategyMOMobility of labourMock auctionModal choice models (mode choice models, travel mode choice models)ModeModelModigliani-Miller theoremMoment generating function (mgf)Moment of distributionMonetarismMonetary base (base money)Monetary economicsMonetary overhangMonetary policyMonetary Policy Committee (MPC)Monetary ruleMonetary systemMonetary unionMoney at call and at short noticeMoney brokerMoney had and receivedMoney illusionMoney in circulationMoney launderingMoney marketMoney multiplierMoney supplyMoney wagesMoney, functions ofMoney; M4 and M5Money: Ml, M2, M3MoneylenderMongerMonitoringMonopolies and Mergers Act 1965 (UK)Monopolies and Mergers CommissionMonopolies Commission (UK)Monopolistic competitionMonopolyMonopoly policyMonopoly powerMonopoly profitMonopoly, discriminatingMonopsonyMonopsony powerMonte Carlo methodMontreal ProtocolMoral obligationMoratoriumMortgageMortgage interest relief at source (MIRAS)Mortgage-backed securityMortgagee, rights ofMost-favoured-nation clauseMotor Insurers' BureauMoving average process MA(q), of order qMulti-Fibre Arrangement (MFA)Multi-plant firmMulti-product firmMulticollinearityMultilateral tradeMultilateralismMultinationalMultinational corporationsMultiple correlationMultiple equilibriumMultiple regressionMultiple storeMultiplier-accelerator modelMultivariate data analysisMuster rollMutual companyMutual fundMutual life assurance companyMutualityMyrdal, Gunnar KarlN-firm concentration ratioN. VNaked short-sellingName (at Lloyd’s)Narrow moneyNarrow-band ERMNasdaq - Finansleksikonet SverigeNash equilibriumNational Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System (NASDAQ)National Book TokensNational Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)National debtNational Development BondsNational Economic CouncilNational Economic Development Council (N.E.D.C. or ‘Neddie’)National Freight CorporationNational Giro Bank (UK)National Health Service (NHS)National incomeNational income accountsNational Instition for Transforming IndiaNational Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR)National InsuranceNational Insurance contributions (NICs)National Insurance schemeNational productNational Research Development CorporationNational Rural Employment Guarantee ActNational SavingsNational Savings CertificatesNational Stock Exchange of IndiaNational treatmentNational wealthNationalizationNationalized industriesNatural assetsNatural experimentNatural growth rateNatural monopoliesNatural pollutantNatural rate of interestNatural rate of unemploymentNatural resourcesNatural wastageNear moneyNecessariesNecessary and sufficient conditionsNecessityNegative equityNegative income taxNegative interest rateNegligence of auditorNegligence of directorsNegotiable instrumentNeo-classical economicsNeo-KeynesianismNeoclassical synthesisNested hypothesisNested modelsNetNet assetsNet book agreementNet book amountNet domestic productNet economic welfareNet exportsNet fixed assetsNet foreign assetsNet incomeNet investmentNet national productNet present valueNet priceNet profitNet transfer income from abroadNet wealthNet weightNet worthNet yieldNetworkNetwork externalityNeutral taxesNeutrality of moneyNew classical economicsNew DealNew Development BankNew economyNew International Economic OrderNew issue marketNew Keynesian economicsNew ordersNew protectionismNew York Stock Exchange (NYSE)Newly industrialized countries (NICs)NFTNikkei indexNo arbitrageNo-ciaims bonusNo-strike agreementNoiseNominal anchorNominal capitalNominal protectionNominal valueNominal variableNominal yieldNominee shareholdersNon-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU)Non-contributory pensionsNon-discriminationNon-governmental organization (NGO)Non-inflationary growthNon-labour incomeNon-linear programmingNon-marketable debtNon-marketed economic activitiesNon-monetary job characteristicsNon-parametric regressionNon-parametric statisticsNon-pecuniary benefitsNon-performing debtNon-price competitionNon-profit organizationNon-satiationNon-tariff barriersNon-taxable incomeNon-tradablesNon-uniqueness of equilibriumNon-voting shareNonlinear least squares estimatorNonlinear regressionNonstationary processNordic Investment BankNormal distribution (Gaussian distribution)Normal equationsNormal goodNormal obsolescenceNormal profitNormativeNormative economicsNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)North Sea oilNot negotiableNot to press (N.T.P.)Notary, publicNote circulationNotes to accountsNotice in lieu of distringasNotice of abandonmentNoting and protestNucleolusNull hypothesisNumbered accountNumeraireNYSE EuronextObamacareObjective 1 regionObsolescenceOccam’s razorOccupational pensions schemeOECDOff licenceOff-balance-sheet financeOfferOffer and acceptance by postOffer curveOffer for saleOffice for Budget Responsibility (OBR)Office for National Statistics (ONS)Office Management, Institute ofOffice of Fair Trading (OFT)Office of Management and Budget (0MB)Officer of a companyOfficial Development Assistance (ODA)Official financingOfficial ListOfficial ReceiverOffshore fundOffshoringOil crisisOil embargoOkun, Arthur M. (1928-80)Okun's LawOld Lady of Threadneedle StreetOligopolyOligopsonyOmbudsmanOmitted variable biasOn costOn demandOn streamOn the berthOn-the-job trainingOne-tailed testOpaque policy measuresOpen chequeOpen creditOpen economyOpen general licenceOpen indentOpen marketOpen market operationsOpen outcryOpen policyOpen positionOpen pricingOpen-ended fundOpen-jaw tripOpen-loop equilibriumOpening pricesOperating cost (U.S.)Operating expensesOperating profit or lossOperating ratiosOperating statementOperation of lawOperational (operations) researchOperator’s licenceOpportunismOpportunity costOptimal control theoryOptimal growth theoryOptimal level of pollutionOptimal taxationOptimism indexOptimizationOptimumOptimum currency areaOptimum tariffOptionOption - Finansleksikonet SverigeOption valueOptions contractOptions to purchase sharesOral evidenceOrder and dispositionOrder bookOrder of integrationOrder-driven marketOrdinal utilityOrdinary least squares (OLS)Ordinary resolutionOrdinary shareOrganisation for European Economic Co-operationOrganization for European Economic Cooperation (O.E.E.C.)Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (O.P.E.C.)Organized labourOrganized sectorOrigin principle of taxationOriginating bankOutcry marketOutlierOutputOutput effectOutput gapOutput methodOutput per hour workedOutput taxOutside brokersOutside moneyOutsourcingOutworkOver entry certificateOver the counter market (U.S.)Over-capitalizedOver-full employmentOver-stimulationOver-the-counter market (O.T.C.)Overhead expensesOverheatingOverinsuranceOverlapping generations economyOvermanningOvernight loanOverriding commissionOverseas bankOverseas companiesOverseas investmentOvershootingOversubscribedOvertimeOvertime banOvertime requestOvertradingOwn brandOwn rate of interestOwner-occupied housingOzone layerP-valuePaasche indexPackage of policiesPackagingPaid-up capitalPaid-up policiesPanchayati RajPanel dataPaper moneyPaper profitPar valueParadox of thriftParadox of votingParallel money marketsParameterPareto distributionPareto efficiencyPareto efficientPareto, Vilfredo Federico Damaso (1848-1923)Pari passuParkinson’s LawPart loadPart paymentPart performancePart-time workPartial adjustmentPartial autocorrelation coefficientPartial autocorrelation function (PACF)Partial correlationPartial equilibriumPartial equilibrium analysisPartial lossParticipation rateParticular average lossPartner, activePartner, generalPartner, infantPartner, limitedPartner, nominalPartner, sleepingPartners, incoming and outgoingPartnershipPartnership at willPartnership, assignment of share inPartnership, limitedPassenger couponPassengers’ luggagePassing a namePatentPatent OfficePaternalismPath dependencePawnbrokerPay As You Earn (P.A.Y.E.) - UKPay controlPay dayPay freezePay slipPay-as-you-go pensionPay-back periodPay-off matrixPayable to bearerPayable to orderPaying-in bookPayment for honour supra protestPayment in advancePayment in kindPayment on accountPayments unionPayrollPayroll taxPeace dividendPeakPeak-load pricingPeculationPecuniary externalityPedlarPegging the exchangesPenalty clausePendulum arbitrationPennyPenny stockPennyweightPensionPension crisisPension fundsPension insurance contractPension rightsPension schemesPeppercorn rentPer capita incomePer capita real GDPPer contraPercentilePerestroikaPerfect capital mobilityPerfect competitionPerfect foresightPerfect marketPerfect substitutePerformance bondPerformance-related payPeril pointPeriod billPeriod of gestationPeripheryPerishable goodsPerishing of goodsPermanent incomePermanent income hypothesisPermanent Interest Bearing Shares (PIBS)Permission to dealPermit to pollutePerpetual bondPerpetual debenturesPerpetual inventoryPerpetual inventory methodPerpetual successionPerpetuityPerquisitesPersistencePersonal equity plan (PEP)Personal income distributionPersonal Investment Authority (PIA)Personal loanPersonal preferencesPersonal sectorPersonnel managementPeso crisisPeso problemPetro-currencyPetrodollarsPettiesPetty cashPetty cashierPetty, Sir William (1623-87)Phased retirementPhillips, Alban William Housego (1914-75)Physical capitalPhysical controlsPhysiocratsPhytosanitary measuresPicketingPicking winnersPiece-workPigou, Arthur Cecil (1877-1959)Pigouvian taxPink BookPipPiracyPlacingsPlanned economyPlanned investmentPlanned obsolescencePlanned savingsPlanning - Financial encyclopediaPlanning (land-use)Planning permissionPlant hirePlant purchase schemePlant registersPlate glass insurancePlayerPlaza AccordPlough-backPloughed-back profitPoint elasticityPoint of salePoints (change in index)Poison pill tacticsPolarizationPolicy coordinationPolicy instrumentPolicy proof of interestPolitical and charitable contributionsPolitical business cyclePolitical economyPoll taxPolluter pays principlePollutionPollution controlPollution rightsPollution standardsPonzi schemePooled least squaresPooling equilibriumPopulation trapPortable pensionsPortfolioPortfolio selectionPortfolio theoryPositional goodPositive economicsPost-war creditsPosteriorPotential competitionPotential outputPovertyPoverty linePoverty Reduction and Growth FacilityPoverty trapPowerPower of a testPower of attorneyPre-emptionPre-preferential debtsPre-tax profitsPrebisch thesisPrebisch, Raul D.Precautionary motivePredatory pricingPredetermined variablePredictorPreference revelationPreference sharesPreferential creditorPreferential Trade Area for East and Southern AfricaPreliminary expensesPremiumPremium on a leasePremium savings bondsPrescriptive statementPresent discounted valuePresent valuePresent value of annuity duePresidentPressure groupPrestige advertisingPricePrice controlPrice discriminationPrice effectPrice elasticityPrice elasticity of demandPrice fixingPrice indexPrice leaderPrice level, averagePrice mechanismPrice reformPrice squeezePrice stabilityPrice stickinessPrice support (U.S.)Price systemPrice theoryPrice to earningsPrice to earnings ratioPrice variancePrice volatilityPrice warPrice-earnings ratioPrice-sensitive informationPrice-setterPrice-takerPrices and incomes policyPrimagePrimary dealerPrimary dealer - Finansleksikonet SverigePrimary sectorPrime costsPrime entry, books ofPrime lending ratePrime rate (U.S.)PrincipalPrincipal components analysisPrincipal-agent problemPriorPrior chargesPrisoners’ dilemmaPrivate banksPrivate benefitPrivate carrierPrivate companyPrivate costPrivate goodPrivate internal rate of returnPrivate net productPrivate networkPrivate propertyPrivate sectorPrivate sector balancePrivateerPrivatizationPrize moneyPro forma invoicePro rata freightProbabilityProbability distribution (of a random variable)Probit modelProcess innovationProcurationProcurementProducer goodsProducer's surplusProductProduct innovationProduct liabilityProduct life cycleProduct proliferationProductionProduction externalityProduction functionProduction possibility frontier (PPF)Production possibility setProduction setProduction subsidyProduction, census ofProduction, theory ofProductivityProductivity bargainingProductivity dealProfessional and Executive RecruitmentProfessional bodyProfessional indemnity insuranceProfessional valuationProfit (Economic definition)Profit and loss accountProfit marginProfit maximizationProfit motiveProfit sharingProfit takingProfit warningProfit-related payProfit-sharing arrangementProfit, falling rate ofProfits taxProgramme evaluation and review technique (P.E.R.T.)Programme, planning, budgeting system (P.P.B.S.)Progressive taxProhibitive tariffPromissory notePromoterPromotionPropensity score matchingPropensity to importPropertyProperty companyProperty developerProperty incomeProperty income from abroadProperty marketProperty portfolioProperty rightsProportional taxProposed dividendsProprietary insurance companyProsecution, agreements to stifleProspect theoryProspectusProtectionProtectionismProvisionProvision - Finansleksikonet SverigeProvision for renewalsProvisional liquidatorProxyProxy variablePrudential Regulation Authority (PRA)Public choicePublic corporationPublic economicsPublic enterprisePublic expenditurePublic Expenditure Survey Committee (PESC)Public financePublic goodsPublic interestPublic lending right (P.L.R.)Public liability insurancePublic networkPublic Private Partnership (PPP)Public procurementPublic relationsPublic sectorPublic sector borrowing requirement (P.S.B.R.)Public Sector Debt RepaymentPublic Sector Net Cash Requirement (PSNCR)Public trusteePublic utilitiesPublic worksPublic Works Loan BoardPuisne mortgagePunishment strategyPurchase journalPurchase taxPurchaserPurchaser for valuePurchasing powerPurchasing power parity theoryPure floating exchange rate (clean floating exchange rate)PurserPyramid schemePyramid sellingQualification of accountsQualified acceptanceQualified reportQualitasQualitative dataQuality controlQuality ladderQuality of bills of exchangeQuality standardsQuality-adjusted life years (QALYs)QuangoQuantileQuantile regressionQuantitative easingQuantitative easingQuantity demandedQuantity discountQuantity equationQuantity of moneyQuantity surveyorQuantity Surveyors, Institute ofQuantity theory of moneyQuantity varianceQuantum meruitQuarter daysQuarterly dataQuasi-autonomous non-governmental organization (quango)Quasi-contractsQuasi-fixed factorsQuasi-loanQuasi-rentQuesnay, Franois (1694-1774)QueueQuick assetsQuick ratioQuintalQuitsQuorumQuota (IMF)Quota (OPEC)Quota sampleQuotasQuotationQuote-driven marketQuoted investmentsQuoted priceRack rentRackingRadcliffe ReportRailway adviceRainforestRamsey pricingRamsey regression equation specification error test (RESET)Ramsey ruleRandom effectsRandom errorRandom eventRandom sampleRandom variableRandom walkRangeRank dependent expected utility theoryRatchet effectRate of exchangeRate of returnRate of return regulationRate of technical subtitutionRate of turnoverRate support grantRateable valueRatesRatification of agent’s contractsRational expectationsRational ignoranceRationalityRationalizationRationingRaw materialsRawlsian social welfare functionReaction curveReaganomicsReal balance effectReal balancesReal business cycle (RBC)Real costsReal effective exchange rateReal exchange rateReal GDPReal GNPReal incomeReal interest rateReal national incomeReal option theoryReal propertyReal termsReal valueReal variableReal wage resistanceReal wagesRealignment of exchange ratesRealization accountRebateRecapitalizationReceiptReceived for shipmentReceiverReceivershipReceiving orderRecessionReciprocityRecognizanceRecommended retail priceRecourse agreementRecourse loanRecoveryRectification of the registerRecursive modelRecyclingRed BookRed Hat enterpriseRedeemable preference sharesRedeemable securitiesRedemption dateRedemption valueRedemption yieldRedeploymentRediscountRedistributive taxRedliningReduced formReducing balanceRedundancyRefinance creditsReflationReflation - Finansleksikonet SverigeRefusal to supplyRegional aidRegional Economic Planning Councils (UK)Regional employment premiumRegional policyRegional trade agreements (RTAs)Register of chargesRegister of companies (UK)Register of debenturesRegister of directorsRegister of directors’ shareholdingsRegistered land certificateRegistered officeRegistered stockRegistered unemployedRegression analysisRegression discontinuity designRegression kink designRegressive taxRegret theoryRegulated companiesRegulationRegulatory agencyRegulatory capitalRegulatory captureReinsuranceReinvestingRejection ruleRelation back, doctrine ofRelationship bankingRelationship investorRelative income hypothesisRelative priceRelative standard errorRenegingRenewable energyRenewable resourcesRentRent controlRent rollRent-seekingRental paymentRented housingRentierRentier - Finansleksikonet SverigeRepeated gameReplacement costReplacement cost accountingReplacement investmentReplacement ratioReplevinRepresentative firmRepressed inflationRepudiationRepudiation of debtReputation, loss ofReputational policyReputed ownerRequired rate of returnResale price maintenanceRescheduling debtsRescissionResearch and development (R & D)Research and development expenditureReservation policyReservation priceReservation utilityReservation wageReserve asset ratioReserve capitalReserve currencyReserve for bad debtsReserve for obsolescenceReserve priceReserve ratioReserve requirementsReserve tranche (IMF)ReservesReserves, movements onReserves, revenueResidualResidual unemploymentResidual variationResilienceResistance levelResolution Trust Corporation (RTC)Resolution, notice of intendedResource allocationResourcesResources - Financial encyclopediaRespondentia bondRestitutionRestraint of trade, contracts inRestricted least squares estimatorRestrictive covenantsRestrictive endorsementRestrictive practicesRestrictive practices courtRestrictive trade practicesRestrictive Trade Practices ActsRetail bankingRetail investorRetail price indexRetail stockRetail tradeRetained profitsRetaliationRetention moneyRetiring a billRetractable bond (putable bond, put bond)Return loadReturn on assetsReturn on capitalReturn on equityReturns to scaleRevaluation of assetsRevaluation reserveRevealed preferenceRevealed preference pricingRevenueRevenue accountReverse take-overReversible lay daysRevocable creditRevolving loanReykjavik-on-LiffeyRicardian equivalenceRicardo effectRicardo, David (1772-1823)Ridge regressionRigging the marketRight of resaleRight-hand-side variableRights issueRing tradingRiskRisk - Financial encyclopediaRisk aversionRisk avoidanceRisk bearingRisk capitalRisk managementRisk management - Financial encyclopediaRisk poolingRisk premiumRisk reductionRisk retentionRisk sharingRisk takingRisk weighted assetsRisk-adjusted return on capital (RAROC)Risk-averseRisk-free assetRisk-free interest rateRisk-lovingRisk-neutralRisk-neutral valuationRiver duesRoad haulageRoad haulierRobbins, Lionel, Baron Robbins of Clare MarketRobinson, Joan Violet (1903-1983)Robustness of policiesRoll-over of loansRoll-over reliefRolling stockRoot mean squared error (RMSE)Rostow, Walt WhitmanRotation of directorsRounding errorRoupRoyal CommissionRoyal Economic SocietyRoyal MintRoyaltiesRPIXRule in Foss v. HarbottleRule in Hadley v. BaxendaleRule in Royal British Bank v. TurquandRule of 72Rules of originRules of the gameRules-based policyRummageRunning brokerRunning daysRunning down clauseRunning yieldRust beltRybczynski theoremS.A.SackingSacrifice ratioSaddle pointSafe custodySalarySaleSale and lease-backSale of goodsSale of goods: riskSale of goods: sub-salesSale of goods: titleSales agentSales journalSales representativeSalvageSampleSample selectivity biasSamuelson ruleSamuelson, Paul AnthonySatisficingSaturation pointSave As You Earn (S.A.Y.E.)SavingSaving ratioSavings and loan association (S&L)Savings functionSay, Jean-Baptiste (1767-1832)Scarce currencyScarce currency clauseScarcityScatter diagramScenarioScenario analysisSchedule A taxSchultz, Theodore, W.Schumpeter, Joseph Alois (1883--1950)Score functionScotland: company lawScreeningScrip issueScrivenerSealSearchSearch unemploymentSearching the registerSeasonal adjustmentSeasonal componentSeasonal unemploymentSeasonal variationsSEC – Securities and Exchange Commission - Finansleksikonet SverigeSecond best, theory ofSecond mortgagesSecond viaSecond-bestSecond-degree price discriminationSecond-order approximationSecond-price auctionSecondary bankingSecondary marketSecret profitsSecret reservesSecretarySecretary, personalSecretary, privateSecretary, private confidentialSectorSecular trendSecured creditorSecured loanSecuritiesSecurities and Exchange CommissionSecurities and Investments BoardSecuritizationSecuritySecurity market lineSecurity of tenureSegmented marketSeigniorageSelect Committee on EstimatesSelective employment tax (S.E.T.)Self correcting systemSelf-assessment (tax)Self-balancing ledgerSelf-employedSelf-financingSelf-financing ratioSelf-fulfilling expectationsSelf-liquidatingSelf-regulationSelf-regulatory organizations (S.R.O.s)Self-serviceSeller concentrationSellers overSellers’ marketSelling costsSelling outSelling priceSelling shortSemi-variable costsSenior, Nassau William (1790--1864)Sensitive sectorsSensitivity analysisSeparable utility functionSeparating equilibriumSeparation of ownership from controlSequestrationSerra, AntonioService flowsService industryService lifeServicesSet-asideSet-offSettlementSettlement discountSettlement riskSeverable contractsSeverance payShadow bankShadow directorShadow priceShake-outShanghai Stock ExchangeShapley valueShardingShareShare - risk responseShare buybacksShare capitalShare certificateShare hawkingShare indexShare premiumShare price indexShare pushingShare registerShare transferShare warrantSharecropperShareholderShareholders equityShares (UK)Shares held by subsidiariesShares in trustShares issued at a discountShares, deferred ordinaryShares, forfeiture ofShares, preferenceShares, preferred ordinaryShares, qualificationShares, surrender ofShares: lienShares: market valueShares: no par valueShares: nominal valueShares: ordinaryShares: pre-emptive rights of purchaseShares: variation of rightsShark repellentShell companySheltered monopolyShenzhen Stock ExchangeSherman ActShift workShip brokerShip owner’s lienShip’s articlesShip’s certificate of registryShip’s chandlerShip’s husbandShip’s masterShip’s papersShip’s passportShip’s protestShip’s reportShipped billShipping agentShipping billShipping Claims TribunalShipping intelligenceShipping notesShockShoe-leather costs of inflationShogun bondShop stewardShopliftingShort billShort interestShort positionShort sellingShort squeezeShort tonShort-runShort-run capital movementsShort-run cost curvesShort-term capitalShort-term depositsShort-term interest ratesShort-termismShort-time workingShortageShortsShunterShut-down priceShuttle tradeSickness benefitSide-effectsSide-paymentSight draftSignallingSignificance level (size) (of a test)Significance testSilenceSilicon ValleySimon, Herbert A.Simple interestSimple random sampleSimulationSimultaneous equations model (SEM)Single currencySingle European ActSingle marketSingle-peaked preferencesSinking fundSismondi, Jean Charles Leonard Simonde de (1773--1842)Sister-ship clauseSize distribution of firmsSkewnessSkilled workSkillsSlackSlipSlumpSlutsky equationSlutsky, Eugen (1880-1948)Small and medium enterprises (SME)Small businessSmall claims in the county court (UK)Small companies, accounts ofSmall firms: loan guarantee schemeSmart contractSmith, Adam (1723--90)Smithsonian AgreementSmogSmoot-Hawley Tariff ActSnakeSnake in the tunnelSocial accountingSocial benefitsSocial capitalSocial ChapterSocial chargesSocial choiceSocial costSocial customSocial indicatorsSocial interactionSocial internal rate of returnSocial market economySocial net productSocial opportunity costSocial optimumSocial plannerSocial purpose companySocial returns to educationSocial safety netSocial Security ActSocial security benefitsSocial security contributionsSocial servicesSocial time preferenceSocial welfareSocial welfare functionSocialismSociete Anonyme (S.A.)Société Responsabilité Limits (S.R.L.)Socio-economic class (NS-SEC)Soft budget constraintSoft currencySoft landingSoft loanSolaSole proprietorship, sole traderSole traderSolicitorSolicitor's letterSolow growth modelSolow residualSoniaSound moneySource and disposition of fundsSources of capitalSouth Sea BubbleSovereignSovereign debtSoverign dept restructuringSPACSpare capacitySpatial autocorrelationSpatial dataSpatial modelSpatial price discriminationSpearman rank correlationcoefficientSpecial buyerSpecial depositsSpecial drawing rights (S.D.R.s)Special endorsementSpecial Liquidity SchemeSpecial managerSpecial resolutionSpecialty debtSpecieSpecie pointsSpecific performanceSpecific taxSpecification errorSpeculationSpeculative motiveSpeculatorSpilloverSpitSpot marketSpot transactionsSpreadSpread - Finansleksikonet SverigeSpread bettingSt Petersburg paradoxStability analysisStability conditionsStabilization policyStackelberg duopolyStagStages of economic growthStagflationStagnationStakeholderStale chequeStamp dutyStandard and Poor’s (S&P)Standard costingStandard deviationStandard errorStandard industrial classificationStandard International Trade Classification (SITC)Standard of livingStandard variable rateStandardized commodityStanding orderStaple productState Earnings-Related Pension Scheme (S.E.R.P.S) - UKState enterpriseState planning, or central planningState-owned companyStatement of accountStatement of affairsStates of the worldStatic equilibriumStatisticStatistical inferenceStatisticsStatus inquiryStatute lawStatute-barred debtStatutes of limitationsStatutory booksStatutory companiesStatutory instrumentsStatutory monopolyStay of proceedingsSteady stateSteady-state growthStepped costsSterilizationSterlingSterling areaSterling balancesSterling M3Sterling Transferable Accruing Government Securities (S.T.A.G.S.)StewardSticky pricesSticky wagesStipendStochasticStochastic processStochastic volatilityStockStock appreciationStock controlStock dividendStock ExchangeStock Exchange Automated Quotation System (S.E.A.Q.)Stock Exchange CouncilStock exchange listingStock Market CrashStock optionStock reliefStock splitStock turnoverStock valuationStock-in-tradeStockbrokerStockbrokerStockbroker, default ofStockistStockjobberStockpileStolen goodsStolper-Samuelson theoremStop for freightStop orderStop-goStopoverStoppage in transitStore of valueStraight line methodStrandingStrategic behaviourStrategic entry deterrenceStrategic interactionStrategic trade policyStrategic trade retaliationStrategic votingStrategyStratified sampleStreet traderStrengthening of a currencyStrikeStrike ballotStripped bondStrongly stationary processStructural breakStructural equationStructural FundsStructural transformationStructural unemploymentStructure-conduct-performanceStructured investment vehicle (SIV)Student’s t-distributionStylized factsSub-prime mortgageSubcontractingSubgameSubgame perfect equilibriumSubpoenaSubrogationSubscriberSubsidiaritySubsidiary companySubsidySubsistence levelSubstantial shareholdingsSubstitutesSubstitutionSubstitution effectSubvention paymentsSucreSue and labour clauseSuez Canal clauseSunk costsSunspot theorySuperannuationSupercargoSupermarketSupplementary benefitsSupplementary costsSupply curveSupply servicesSupply-side economicsSupply-side policySupport levelSurrender valueSurtaxSurvey dataSurvey of Current BusinessSurveyor of CustomsSustainabilitySustainable development indicatorsSustainable Development Strategy (SDS)Sustained yieldSwapSwap - Finansleksikonet SverigeSweated labourSymmetrical distributionSyndicateSyndicated loanSystematic riskSystemic riskSystemic threatT-testTable ATableau EconomiqucTacit collusionTaft-Hartley ActTake-overTake-over bidTake-over panelTake-up rateTakers-inTalismanTalk downTallyTallymanTalonTangency optimumTangible assetsTap issueTap stockTareTargetTarget priceTarget zone (exchange rates)TargetingTariffTariff officesTastesTasting orderTatonnement processTax allowanceTax and price indexTax assessmentTax avoidanceTax baseTax burdenTax deduction cardTax deposit certificateTax evasionTax Exempt Special Savings Account (TESSA)Tax expenditureTax gapTax havenTax holidayTax impactTax incidenceTax lossTax planningTax pointTax Reform Act (US)Tax refundTax reliefTax reserve certificates (UK)Tax return, personalTax scheduleTax shelterTax shiftingTax thresholdTax wedgeTax yieldTax-based incomes policyTax, ad valoremTax, specificTaxationTaxation schedules (UK)Taxation: net United Kingdom rateTaxation: separate assessmentTaxation: taxable incomeTaylor contractTaylor ruleTea auctionsTech BubbleTechnical analysisTechnical barriers to tradeTechnical efficiencyTechnical progressTechnical standardTechnological unemploymentTechnologyTechnology gapTechnology stockTechnology transferTelecom stockTellerTemporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF)Temporary equilibriumTemporary exportsTenancy in commonTenderTender for billsTender: capital issuesTennessee Valley Authority (TVA)TenorTerm Asset-Backed Loan FacilityTerm loanTerm premiumTerm structure of interest ratesTerminal lossTerminal marketTerminal Market AssociationsTerms of tradeTerritorial watersTest discount rateThatcherismThe British Exporters AssociationThe Nordic Crowdfunding Alliance - Financial encyclopediaThin marketThird class paperThird party insuranceThird WayThird WorldThird-degree price discriminationThreshold agreementThreshold priceThriftThriftsTickTicketTicket dayTiebout hypothesisTied aidTied loanTight fiscal policyTight monetary policyTight moneyTime and motion studyTime bargainTime cardTime charterTime deposit (U.S.)Time discountingTime horizonTime lagsTime preferenceTime seriesTime Series AnalysisTime-inconsistencyTime-series dataTimes coveredTipTit for tatTitheTobin taxTobin’s qTobit modelTodaro modelToken coinsTokenised stocksTokyo Round of Trade NegotiationsToleranceTolerance intervalTollsTommy shopsTonnageTortTotal assetsTotal debt ratioTotal domestic expenditureTotal factor productivity (TFP)Total final expenditureTotal liabilitiesTotal liabilities & equityTowageTownship and Village Enterprise (TVE)Toxic assetToxic debtTradable emission permitTradablesTradeTrade and Industry, Department ofTrade associationTrade barrierTrade billTrade creationTrade creditTrade creditorTrade cycleTrade deficit (trade gap)Trade Descriptions Act 1968Trade discountTrade investmentsTrade liberalizationTrade markTrade not aidTrade priceTrade referencesTrade sanctionsTrade talksTrade unionTrade warTrade-in offerTrade-offTrade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS)Trade-weighted index numberTrade, Department ofTrades Union Congress (TUC)Trading Account MinimumTrading currencyTrading stampsTragedy of the commonsTrainingTramp steamerTrancheTrans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)Trans-shipmentTransaction cost economicsTransaction costsTransactions demand for moneyTransactions motiveTransatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)Transfer costsTransfer deedTransfer earningsTransfer paymentsTransfer pricesTransformation curveTransireTransitional economyTransitional unemploymentTransitive relationTransitivityTransitory incomeTransmission mechanismTransmission of sharesTransparent policy measuresTransplantTransport costsTraveller’s chequesTreasure troveTreasury billTreasury deposit receipt (T.D.R.)Treasury notesTreasury, theTreaty of AccessionTreaty of RomeTrendTrend-cycle decompositionTreuhandanstaltTrial balanceTrial of the PyxTriangle of lossTrickle-down theoryTrigger priceTrigger strategyTrillionTrinity HouseTriple-A ratingTroubled Asset Relief Program (TARP)TroughTroy weightsTruckTruckageTrue and fairTruncated sampleTrustTrusteeTrustee investmentsTrustee Savings Bank (TSB)Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, Baron de l'Aulne (1727-81)Turnkey contractTurnkey projectTurnoverTurnover taxTurnover, disclosure ofTurnpike theoremsTwo-gap modelTwo-sector endogenous growth modelTwo-tailed testTwo-tier boardTycoonType I and II errorsU-shaped average cost curveUberrimae fideiUK Data ServiceUllageUltimoUltra viresUnabsorbed costUnanimity ruleUnappropriated profitsUNASURUnbiased expectations hypothesisUnbundlingUncalled capitalUncertaintyUncollected goods, disposal ofUnconditional grantUnconscionable bargainsUncovered interest parityUndated securitiesUndated stocksUnder-capitalizedUnder-funded pension schemeUnder-subscriptionUnderemploymentUnderlying rate of inflationUnderstanding SocietyUndervalued currencyUnderwriterUnderwriter at Lloyd’sUnderwritingUndisclosed factoringUndisclosed principalUndue influenceUnearned incomeUnemployableUnemploymentUnemployment benefitUnemployment rateUnemployment, natural rate ofUnenforceable contractsUnexpected inflationUnfair competitionUnfair dismissalUnfunded debtUnfunded pension schemeUnified tax systemUniform business rateUniform distributionUnilateralUnilateral contractsUnimodal distributionUnion/non-union wage differentialUnionizedUnique equilibriumUnit elasticityUnit of accountUnit root processUnit taxUnit trustUnit-free measureUnitary taxUnitary taxationUnited Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)United Nations Statistics DivisionUniversal benefitUniversal CreditUnlawfulUnlimited companiesUnlimited liabilityUnlisted Securities Market (U.S.M.)UnloadUnpaid labourUnquoted investmentsUnrequited exportsUnsecured creditorsUnsecured loanUnsecured loan stockUnskilled workUntied aidUnwindUpset priceUrban economicsUruguay RoundUS deficitUS Trade RepresentativeUsanceUser costUsufructUsuryUsury lawsUtilUtilitarianismUtilityUtility functionUtility maximizationUtility possibility frontierVacancyVacancy rateValueValue addedValue added tax (V.A.T.)Value added, or net outputValue at riskValue at risk (VaR)Value in useValue indexValue judgementValue of the physical increase in stocks and work in progressValue stockValue-subtracting industryValue, theories ofValued policyValuerVariableVariable costsVariable factor proportionsVariable rate noteVarianceVAT registrationVAT returnVector autoregressive (VAR) modelVector error correction model (VECM)Velocity of circulationVendorVendueVerba chartarum forties accipiuntur contra proferentemVertical equityVertical integrationVertical mergerVested interestVicarious performanceVictualling billVigilantibus non dormientibus jura subveniuntVintnerVisible balanceVisible imports and exportsVoiceVolatilityVolume indexVoluntary exchangeVoluntary export restraint (VER)Voluntary unemploymentVolunteerVotingVoting rightsVoting shareVoucherVoyage charterVoyage policyVRN – Variable Rate Note - Finansleksikonet SverigeWage differentialWage driftWage freezeWage fund theoryWage resistanceWage restraintWage rigidityWage roundWage-price spiralWagering contractWagering policyWages and salariesWages councilWagner ActWagner’s lawWaitersWaiting timeWaiverWaiver clauseWald testWall StreetWalras´s lawWalras, Marie Esprit Leon (1834-1910)WarehouseWarehouse keeperWarehouse officerWARP The Weak Axiom of Revealed PreferenceWarrantWarrant - Finansleksikonet SverigeWarranted growth rateWarrantyWarranty of attorneyWarranty, floatingWashington AgreementWashington consensusWasting assetsWatering stockWaybillWays and means advancesWeakening of a currencyWealthWealth effectWealth taxWear and tearWeighted averageWeighted least squares estimatorWeights in index numbersWelfareWelfare criterionWelfare economicsWelfare stateWharfageWhite knightWhite noiseWhite paperWhite’s testWhole life assuranceWholesale bankingWholesale Price IndexWholesale pricesWholesalerWholesalingWicksell effect, priceWicksell, Knut (1851-1926)WidgetWieser, Friedrich von (1851-1926)Wildcat strikeWillingness to payWilson CommitteeWindfall gainWindfall profitWinding-up by a court: reasons thereforWinding-up, commencement ofWinding-up, compulsory: petitionWinding-up, compulsory: procedureWinding-up, voluntaryWinding-up: conduct ofWinding-up: public examinationWinding-up: supervision by a courtWindow dressingWindow shoppingWinner’s curseWirtschaftswunderWith-profits life insuranceWithholding taxWithin-groups estimatorWithout recourseWold’s decomposition theoremWoodlands, taxation ofWork activities involving physical and/or mental effortWork in progressWork studyWorker cooperativeWorker participationWorker-controlled firmWorkfareWorking capitalWorking conditionsWorking daysWorking directorWorking practicesWorking Tax CreditWorks councilWorld Development IndicatorsWorld Trade Organization (WTO)World Values SurveyWritWrite-downWrite-offWriter to the signetWritten down valueWrongful dismissalX-efficiencyX-inefficiencyXerographyYankeesYieldYield gapYield spreadYule-Walker equationsZaibatsuZero bondsZero coupon bondZero growthZero interest rateZero-base budgetingZero-knowledge proofsZero-ratedZero-rated (VAT)Zero-sum gameZoning
Sources & references
Our editors fact-check all content to ensure compliance with our strict editorial policy. The information in this article is supported by the following reliable sources.
Risk disclaimer
Invezz is a place where people can find reliable, unbiased information about finance, trading, and investing – but we do not offer financial advice and users should always carry out their own research. The assets covered on this website, including stocks, cryptocurrencies, and commodities can be highly volatile and new investors often lose money. Success in the financial markets is not guaranteed, and users should never invest more than they can afford to lose. You should consider your own personal circumstances and take the time to explore all your options before making any investment. Read our risk disclaimer >